ah. Students of the language Filipino usually make good progress until they stumble over the complicated verb forms. Then it is time to unlearn what you understood as active-passive clauses and modes in Indo-European languages. A philosophical adventure begins. Different authors of language teaching materials have created different terminologies. With the terms “mode”, “focus”, “point of departure (POD)” and more, grammarians try to do justice to the impetuous relationships between different parts of sentences. The instructions Teresita V. Ramos has written on this subject are particularly clear and helpful. A professor at the University of Hawai’i, she has established an undergraduate program in Filipino, authored numerous textbooks, and developed a language immersion program. She passed away on January 18, 2022. Her books live on in shelves around the globe.
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